The 74% figure is real, but it does not mean what the lazy-Gen-Z argument needs it to mean. ResumeBuilder reported in 2023 that 74% of managers and business leaders in its poll considered Gen Z more difficult to work with than other generations. Respondents cited perceived shortcomings in technology skills, effort and motivation, but the survey measured managers’ opinions, not employee productivity.
That distinction matters because workplaces routinely blend two judgments: whether someone did the work and whether they looked pleased to do it. A report can be correct, useful and delivered on time while the person filing it remains entirely neutral about the experience. Managers may read that neutrality as disengagement even when the output says otherwise.
Start with the hours. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics’ 2025 annual averages show that people aged 20 to 24 who were at work averaged 34.2 hours a week when full-time and part-time workers were combined. Among people in that age bracket who usually worked full time, the average was 40.5 hours, compared with 41.9 hours among workers aged 25 and older.
Those numbers do not prove that every young employee is productive, nor do they represent every person classed as Gen Z. They do, however, sit awkwardly beside the idea that young adults have collectively decided not to work. The full-time gap is 1.4 hours, not evidence of an entire generation abandoning effort.
The stronger challenge to the stereotype comes from research designed to examine generational differences. A 2025 meta-analysis published in the Journal of Organizational Behavior found few systematic, meaningful differences among generations across a range of workplace outcomes. Its authors also found that researchers frequently treated null or equivocal results as though they supported a generational story.
A separate review of generational myths in organisational research explains part of the problem. Age, historical period and birth cohort are tangled together, which makes it extremely difficult to prove that an observed behaviour belongs to a generation rather than to a particular age or career stage. “Gen Z” is often a more confident label than the evidence permits.
Once that distinction is clear, the lazy label starts to look less like a diagnosis and more like a narrative. A manager sees a young worker’s abrupt Slack message, reluctance to remain online after hours or lack of visible excitement during a routine meeting. All three are placed into a generational box, and a conflict over expectations becomes a defect in the employee.
The relevant research term is emotional labour, meaning the management or display of emotions to meet the expectations of a role. Researchers commonly distinguish between surface acting, where a worker displays an emotion they do not feel, and deep acting, where the worker tries to generate the expected emotion internally. The difference is especially visible in customer-facing jobs, but it also helps explain ordinary office life.
The 2025 study behind much of this discussion was not a broad investigation of Gen Z, and it did not compare the office behaviour of different generations. Omar Itani, Colin Gabler, Ashish Kalra, Khashayar Afshar Bakeshloo and Raj Agnihotri studied B2B salespeople and the relationships among moral identity, emotional-labour strategies, customer injustice and job satisfaction. Their finding was narrower than the one frequently attached to it.
Surface acting had a stronger unfavourable relationship with customer injustice than deep acting, and customer injustice was associated with lower job satisfaction. The research supports the idea that emotional performance can have consequences for workers and customer relationships. It does not demonstrate that young employees are uniquely refusing to perform enthusiasm.
That narrower finding still matters. A meta-analysis covering 84 studies and 28,242 Chinese employees found that surface acting was positively associated with job burnout, with a correlation of 0.25. Deep acting was negatively associated with burnout, with a correlation of minus 0.27.
The study does not prove that every artificial smile causes burnout in every occupation. It does support the more modest point that repeatedly displaying emotions a worker does not feel is not psychologically free. Emotional performance consumes something, even when the cost cannot be seen on a timesheet.
What the evidence does not support is the claim that Gen Z discovered this cost as a generation and collectively decided to stop paying it. Some younger workers may be more willing to state boundaries or reject unwritten expectations. The available research cannot cleanly separate a generational identity from age, occupation, labour-market conditions or the culture of a particular employer.
The more defensible argument is also more useful: managers can confuse emotional display with effort. Visible enthusiasm is easy to grade because it is immediate and personally reassuring. Output requires clearer goals, better measurement and sometimes the uncomfortable admission that the employee who appears least excited may still be producing the strongest work.
Modern collaboration tools make that confusion easier. A status dot, camera, reaction emoji or response time creates a trail of signals about a worker’s presence and manner. None of those signals is meaningless, but none is a clean measure of quality, reliability, judgment or completed work.
This is how professionalism can become a bundle of unstated emotional rules. Smile during the all-hands meeting, sound delighted by a routine request and add warmth to a message that already contains everything the recipient needs. Over time, the person who follows those rules looks committed, while the person who does not begins to look risky.
There are jobs where emotional presentation is genuinely part of the output. Sales, hospitality, care work and leadership all involve relationships, and a deliberately hostile or dismissive manner can damage the work itself. The mistake is not expecting basic courtesy or competent communication.
The mistake is treating cheerfulness, deference or constant visible excitement as universal evidence of effort. A worker can be polite without being effusive, reliable without being emotionally demonstrative and invested in the quality of the work without treating every deadline as a personal calling. Those distinctions become uncomfortable only when a workplace has never defined what it actually needs.
This is also why the ResumeBuilder figure must be handled carefully. Managers who report difficulty may be describing genuine problems involving deadlines, communication, conduct or technical ability. A convenience-sample perception poll cannot tell us whether Gen Z performs worse as a generation, and it certainly does not establish that 74% of young workers are difficult.
The same caution applies in reverse. It would be equally careless to declare every criticism of young workers a disguised demand for fake smiles. Some employees miss deadlines, resist useful feedback or communicate badly, and age does not immunise anyone from poor performance.
The answer is to get more specific. Define the work, deadline, quality threshold, response expectations and genuine interpersonal requirements, then evaluate whether they were met. If warmth is materially important to a role, employers should say so and explain why.
If it is not important, it should not be smuggled into a performance review as attitude, energy or culture fit. That approach allows managers to challenge real underperformance without leaning on generational stereotypes. It also gives employees a fair opportunity to understand which behaviours genuinely affect the work.
So the case against the lazy-Gen-Z stereotype is not that every young worker is diligent, or that working hours alone prove productivity. It is that current labour data does not show a generation walking away from full-time work, while the strongest organisational research finds few meaningful generational differences. The stereotype is much stronger than the evidence behind it.
What may be changing is the willingness of some workers to provide emotional extras without naming them as labour. That remains a plausible interpretation, not a settled generational fact. The stronger conclusion is simpler: enthusiasm is not output, a neutral tone is not a timesheet, and managers should stop grading one as though it were the other.
